Page 117 - International Journal of Process Educaiton (Special Issue)
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Methodologies (1990) CD
A methodology is a model of the abstract generalization of a specific process created by an expert
to assist novices on their way to becoming experts in the performance of that process.
The Importance of Process Methodology for Course Design (Davis, 2007a)
Our understanding of the importance of process and its Methodology for Creating a Quality Learning
quality was significantly advanced by the work of W. Environment (Apple & Smith, 2007b)
Edwards Deming, which formed the basis for the total
quality management (TQM) movement in the 1980s Methodology for Designing a Program Assessment
(Deming, 2015). In working with higher education, System (Collins & Apple, 2007)
Pacific Crest initially focused on improving the processes
of teaching, learning, design, and assessment (Kramer Elevating Knowledge from Level 1 to Level 3
& Beery, 1990) and soon realized that when it comes (Nygren, 2007)
to modeling and improving educational processes,
methodologies were critical. The first methodology Facilitation Methodology (Smith & Apple, 2007)
published by Pacific Crest was the Problem Solving
Methodology (PSM), published in Introduction to Problem Learning Processes Through Methodologies (Leise
Solving Using PC:SOLVE (Apple, 1990); this was aimed & Beyerlein, 2007)
at teaching students how to use a methodical process when
working to solve problems. Methodology for Program Design (Davis, 2007)
The next and probably most far-reaching methodology Assessment Methodology (Apple & Baehr, 2007)
formally published was the Learning Process Methodology
(LPM). It began as “The Learning Process Model,” Designing Process-Oriented Guided-Inquiry
published in Learning Through Problem Solving (Apple, Activities (Hanson, 2007)
Beyerlein & Schlesinger, 1992), and was an intermediate
step in the development of the full LPM published in Teamwork Methodology (Smith, Baehr & Krumsieg,
the pre-market edition of Foundations of Learning 2006)
(Pacific Crest, 1995). See the section Learning Process
Methodology for more information. Personal Development Methodology (Leise, 2007)
The Collection Grows During the process of converting the Learning to Learn
Camp into the course curriculum, Learning to Learn:
An additional set of process methodologies were introduced Becoming a Self-Grower (Apple, Morgan & Hintze,
in the next edition of Foundations of Learning (Krumsieg 2013), it became obvious that an additional methodology
& Baehr, 1996): these were writing, information process- was needed: that of preparing for a performance. The
ing, assessment, personal development, communication, Preparation Methodology was created and appears in
teamwork, reading, and management. The process used to the context of Experience 9, “Performing when Being
create these different methodologies was formalized as a Evaluated.” This same course conversion also saw the
methodology for creating methodologies; this appeared in upgrade of the Reading Methodology in order to more
the 1995 Teaching institute handbook (Apple). Also avail- fully support the process of reading for learning.
able in that handbook was the first iteration of a methodol-
ogy for designing learning activities. The 1998 Teaching In addition to being useful for teaching general processes,
institute handbook (Apple & Krumsieg) offered additional methodologies can also be used to help students learn
methodologies: course design, facilitation, and creating a to use more specific processes within the context of a
productive learning environment. The 2000 Teaching in- course: Foundations of Mathematics (Fremeau, 2006)
stitute handbook (Apple & Krumsieg) introduced method- incorporated 27 methodologies modeling course content
ologies for mentoring, constructing knowledge tables, and
carrying out evaluations. The Faculty Guidebook project
(2003 through 2007) saw the upgrade and publication of
a series of methodologies listed in the following order of
development:
International Journal of Process Education (February 2016, Volume 8 Issue 1) 115
